Novelty from the Emperor's Experimental Workshop
The falangcai painted enamels had originated from the early 18th century. During the initial stage of development, Western missionaries and local craftsmen devoted their efforts to colouration trails and pigment processing. However, even till the end of the Kangxi reign（1622-1722）, the goal was still unsuccessful, which resulted in the need for imported materials.
However, almost every test piece had included without a reign mark, and after the final firing, the "Kangxi yuzhi 康熙御製" was then labelled as recognition. Differentiated by the location of its colouring procedure, the falangcai stands for porcelains with patterns painted in falangcai pigments and reign marks written on the white base body that produced in Jingdezhen Imperial kilns, and followed by the second firing by the imperial craftsmen. In contrast porcelains having their base body and painted patterns both fired in Jingdezhen Imperial kilns, are known as the yangcai.
Testing Pieces from the Emperor's Experimental Workshop
The Kangxi Emperor adored the Western wares with painted enamels, and further began the development of new pieces locally. The exhibits reflect this development, so they can be regarded as the testing pieces from the emperor's experimental workshop in the starting stage.
Every collection from the Qing palace in the National Palace Museum is issued with an archival number, and through the registration method from the early public period, we are able to trace the original storing location of these pieces before the 14th year of republic period (1925). The testing pieces have " lu 律" in their archival numbers, which provides us with the storing circumstance in the Jingyang Palace, Forbidden City. From the decorating glaze colours and patterns, these artworks can be divided into two categories; the first group is the rouge colour series, which was produced by craftsmen with local techniques to imitate the Western gold-red colour. The "gold" element was added into the glaze to achieve the innovative finish. The other group is with white porcelain bowls and plates, and attempting to paint polychrome figures and flowers with imported pigments on the pieces.
Bowl with coiled chi dragon and cubic patterns
- Mark of da ming hongzhi nian zhi
- Qing dynasty, Kangxi reign (1662-1722)
Bowl with flowers on a yellow ground
- Mark of da ming hongzhi nian zhi
- Qing dynasty, Kangxi reign (1662-1722)
Bowl with portraits of Western lady and geometric pattern
- Mark of da ming hongzhi nian zhi
- Qing dynasty, Kangxi reign (1662-1722)
Wine yuan cup with rouge glaze
- Qing dynasty, Kangxi reign (1662-1722)
Words from the Local
Yang Ling (?-1724), who once posed as the governor of Guangdong and the governor in general of Guangdong and Guangxi. Yang had submitted three memorials to the throne (1716-1718) during his duty, and not only had he reported the purchase of Western enamel pigments that travelled through places, but also he suggested strongly in his words in repeat regarding the process of the local talents enthusiastically attempting to produce wares with painted enamels and to develop rouge pigments.
Memorial Presented by Gioroi Mamboo
- January 30th in the 58th year of the Kangxi reign (1719)
Memorial presented by Cao Fu
- February 2nd in the 59th year of the Kangxi reign (1720)
Production Year
None of the testing pieces in this group stated that they were made in the reign of Kangxi. The only recognizable mark is the " you xin chou nien zhi 又辛丑年製" (1721). There are some pieces marked as from the Ming dynasty. If we compare them with the standard marks from the Ming dynasty, we will recognize the marks from the reign of Yongle, Xuande, Chenghua, and Hongzhi have obvious differences to the standard marks; therefore, it is known that they are imitations of the Ming mark in a later period. Moreover, since the forms of some of these works have the characteristics of the Kangxi period, thus the earliest production year is inferred to be from the reign of Kangxi.
Cup with rouge glaze
- Mark of yongle nian zhi
- Qing dynasty, Kangxi reign (1662-1722)
Saucer with sky-blue glaze on the exterior and incised dragons in rouge glaze on the interior
- Mark of xuande nian zhi
- Qing dynasty, Kangxi reign (1662-1722)
Saucer with rouge glaze
- Mark of da ming chenghua nian zhi
- Qing dynasty, Kangxi reign (1662-1722)
Bowl with flowers on a light-purple ground
- Mark of da ming hongzhi nian zhi
- Qing dynasty, Kangxi reign (1662-1722)
Bowl with rouge glaze
- Mark of you xin chou nian zhi
- Qing dynasty, Kangxi reign (1662-1722)
Portraits of Western Lady
Each of the four panels on this bowl is painted with a Western lady in varied facial expressions and postures. Since the painting style and technique are different from the original mainland's model, thus the period is referred to the mid-17th century and later, when the miniature portraits appeared and popularized in the development of Western painted enamels. This also indirectly responses to the descriptions from the missionary, Matteo Ripa's letter in 1716, which stated that the Kangxi Emperor demanded him and Giuseppe Castiglione to do painted enamels, and explained the Western style existing in the starting stage of imperial porcelain with painted enamels of Kangxi.
Bowl with portraits of Western lady and geometric pattern
- Mark of da ming hongzhi nian zhi
- Qing dynasty, Kangxi reign (1662-1722)
Coiled Chi Dragon Pattern and Geometric Background with Optical Illusion
This bowl is decorated with five coiled chi dragon patterns. To compare with the porcelains made from Jingdezhen during the same time and the copper-base products manufactured in Guangdong in the later period, we can approximately illustrate the phenomenon that similar coiled chi dragon patterns appeared in the reign of Kangxi, gradually becoming a trend, and then to be adorned continuously throughout the 18th century. Besides, the exterior of the bowl is painted with the cubic pattern on the background, which is formed by overlapping squares in even sizes. The blue-colour cross is placed on one side of each cubic shape, and not only does it accentuate the design, but also enriches patterns on the surface.
Bowl with coiled chi dragon and cubic patterns
- Mark of da ming hongzhi nian zhi
- Qing dynasty, Kangxi reign (1662-1722)