Documenting Victory in Etching

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The Pacification of Dzungars and Muslims

1688 Khalkha		Galdan Boshugtu Khan led thirty thousand men to invade Khalkha. Khalkha refugees escaped into Qing territory.
1689 Inner Mongolia		Galdan Boshugtu Khan, a Dzungar, invaded Inner Mongolia.
1690 Ulan Butung		Emperor Kangxi led the army by himself. The Qing army defeated Dzungar invaders at Ulan Butung. However, Galdan Boshugtu Khan fled safely.
1695 Zuunmod		Emperor Kangxi led the army by himself again. The two armies battled at Zuunmod. The Dzungar army was defeated. Only a few horsemen managed to escape with Galdan Boshugtu Khan.
1697 Ningxia		Emperor Kangxi led the army by himself the third time and camped in Ningxia. He captured the son of Galdan Boshugtu Khan. Completely overpowered by Qing's, Galdan Boshugtu Khan was finally killed. Emperor Kangxi took the whole Khalkha Mongol under his control and eliminated threat from Galdan Boshugtu Khan for good.
1716 Tibet		Tsewang Rabtan, the next Dzungar Khan, invaded Tibet.
1718 Tibet		Emperor Kangxi sent his troops into Tibet.
1720 Tibet		The Qing army drove Dzungar fighters out of Tibet and stationed in Tibet.
1721 Yili		Yunti, Prince Xun, proposed sending three armies to Yili via different routes to eliminate Tsewang Rabtan.
1722 Beijing		Qing sent representative to offer Tsewang Rabtan a chance for peace.
1725 Beijing		Tsewang Rabtan sent representative to Beijing. The Qing army withdrew from Barköl.
1730 Altai Mountains		Galdan Tseren, son of Tsewang Rabtan, ambushed Qing's army in the Altai Mountains.
1732 Khalkha		Galdan Tseren invaded Khalkha. However, his army was defeated by Tserin at Kherlen River.
1734 Beijing		Galdan Tseren sent representative to sign a peace treaty with Qing which would have led to twenty-five years of peace.
1752 Dzungar		Dawaachi Khan, the new ruler of Dzungar became an enemy of Amursana. The Dzungars entered a civil war.
1753 Beijing		Amursana surrendered to the Qing Empire and was given princedom. He disclosed all the vital information about Dzungars to his former enemy and Emperor Qianlong though it was the time to launch an attack to eliminate Dzungar.
1755 Dzungar		Bandi and Yongchang, each commanded an army to enter Dzungar.
5th lunar month Dzungar		The Qing forces entered Yili. Dawaachi was betrayed by many of his men so he brought his remaining forces to Gädän-Ola. Ayusi, a defected Dzungar general, brought twenty-five horsemen to sneak attack Dawaachi's main camp at night. The Dzungar army nearly collapsed out of fear. Thousands of men surrendered. Only a few of them escaped with Dawaachi.
6th lunar month Dzungar		Dawaachi captured and Dzungar Khanate dissolved. Dawaachi had an audience with Emperor Qianlong in Rehe. He was given princedom and a residence in Beijing.
8th lunar month Amursana		Amursana mutinied. Bandi was encircled by the rebels. Unable to lift the siege, Bandi and another officer committed suicide. In a rage, Emperor Qianlong sent General Celeng to pacify the West. Two armies went to hunt for Amursana via different routes.
1756
3rd lunar month Yili		Celeng took Yili again. Amursana fled to Kazakhstan.
12th lunar month Ürümqi		Two tribes formerly loyal to Emperor Qianlong rebelled and occupied Ürümqi General Zhaohui, stationed in Yili, retreated to Barköl.
1757 Beijing		Ablai Khan broke up with Amursana. Ablai Khan surrendered to Qing and agreed to pay a tribute to show its loyalty.
6th lunar month Xinjiang		Amursana fled to Russia and died due to poor health. Hojijan and Burhan al-Din, Xojam leaders, rioted in Xinjiang's Muslim territory. This is called the Greater and Lesser Xojam Rebellion.
1758 Xinjiang		Emperor Qianlong sent troops to fight Hojijan. The Qing army fought Greater and Lesser Xojam rebels at Kuqa, Yarkant, and Hetian.
10th lunar month Xinjiang		General Zhaohui has been under siege for three months by the Black Water River.
1759 Yarkant		General Fude's reinforcement arrived and defeated the rebels at Qurman, northeast of Yarkant. Seeing the arrival of reinforcement, General Zhaohui led his troops to join General Fude.
7th lunar month Xinjiang		Greater and Lesser Xojam was defeated. They fled west to Badakhshan of today's Afghanistan. However, they were killed by the local leader. The rebellion finally pacified. Qing Empire now absorbed Xinjiang fully into its territory.
1764 Beijing		In 1764, the Emperor ordered the Imperial Household Department to hire Giuseppe Castiglione, Denis Attiret, Ignatius Sickltart, and Joannes Damasceuns Salusri, missionaries who worked as court painters, to draft sixteen pictures about his successful elimination of rebels in Yili and many other places. YANG Tingzhang, Viceroy of Guangdong and Guangxi and FANG Tiyu, Superintendent of Guangdong Customs, received an edict from Emperor Qianlong. They asked the Thirteen Factories to look for a country that could make the engravings.
1765 Beijing		Ten international traders led by PAN Zhengcheng entered into a contract on behalf of the Qing Empire with the French East India Company. They agreed to ship the first four model drawings to France for production. YANG Tingzhang, Viceroy of Guangdong and Guangxi and FANG Tiyu, Superintendent of the Guangdong Customs, reported to the Emperor that they have commissioned French engravers for this task.
1766 Beijing		Giuseppe Castiglione, 78, died in Beijing.
1767 France		The remaining twelve model drawings shipped to France.
1769 Beijing		The deadline of the contract between Guangdong merchants and French merchants. The Viceroy of Guangdong and Guangxi and Superintendent of the Guangdong Customs filed a memorial to the Grand Council to explain for the delay.
1770 Beijing		In autumn, LI Shiyao, Viceroy of Guangdong and Guangxi and Dekui, Superintendent of the Guangdong Customs, reported to the Grand Council about the status of the project. The model drawing for the "Storming of the Camp at Gädän-Ola" was shipped back to China. Some other items were delayed. The French party let Cochin explain the difficulties in the making of copperplates. They also wrote to Michel Benoist, a French-born Jesuit in Beijing, and instructed him to explain to Emperor Qianlong the reasons for the delay.
1771 Beijing		In the summer, 543 prints were shipped to Guangzhou. In the autumn, LI Shiyao reported the third lot of 272 prints and one model drawing were received.
1772 Beijing		In the summer, 275 prints, two model drawings and three printing plates were received. A month later, the fifth lot of 185 prints, four printing plates, and seven boxes of printing instruction books and equipments were received.
1774 Beijing		In early autumn, LI Shiyao, Viceroy of Guangdong and Guangxi and Dekui, Superintendent of the Guangdong Customs, reported the seventh lot of 229 prints, one printing plate and four model drawings were received.
1775 Beijing		In the autumn, the eighth lot received.
1776 Beijing		In the summer, the ninth lot received.
1777 Beijing		Guangdong Governor LI Zhiying filed a memorandum to the Grand Council and said the last lot of copperplate printings, including 149 prints, one copperplates and two model drawings were on their way to the Imperial Workshop.