Song dynasty AD960-1279

Ma Lin

The Three Taoist Officials Making an Inspection Tour

Song dynasty AD960-1279

Ma Lin

The Three Taoist Officials Making an Inspection Tour

Hanging scroll, ink and colors on silk

174.2 cm (vertical) × 122.9 cm (horizontal)

This large painting depicts a magnificent procession featuring the three Taoist deities: the Heavenly Official, the Earth Official, and the Water Official. Such a composition, introducing the combined procession of the three deities, is relatively rare among the surviving depictions of the Three Officials, making this painting particularly unique. Images of the Three Officials first appeared in the Tang dynasty and later circulated in various forms such as murals, scrolls, and scripture illustrations. According to records, Taoist followers would hang images of the Three Officials in Taoist altars for meditation and to invoke the deities’ presence during large-scale universal salvation ceremonies. This painting may have been used for related purposes.

 
In the painting, the three deities are portrayed traveling by a carriage, lion, and dragon, emerging from clouds, trees, rocks, and waves as they inspect the heavens, earth, and waters. Their entourages include more than eighty celestial and spectral figures with diverse appearances, such as heavenly generals, earth gods, dragon kings, and fish spirits, emphasizing the solemnity of the procession. The artwork features exquisite depictions of ceremonial attire, ceremonial weaponry, and auspicious beasts, with details such as patterns on garments and whiskers on mythical creatures highlighted using gilt lines.
 
This painting was traditionally attributed to Ma Lin, a court painter of the Southern Song dynasty. However, the painting bears no signature. While the techniques used in rendering the landscapes align with those typically used by Ma, the execution appears less robust. The styles of the deities and spectral figures also resemble the religious figure paintings of professional painters from the Yuan and Ming dynasties, suggesting that it may be a work falsely attributed to Ma Lin by a later artist. The creation date remains uncertain, but it is generally believed to be no later than the Ming dynasty.
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